Theranostics 2018; 8(12):3348-3365. doi:10.7150/thno.23453 This issue Cite

Review

Extracellular Vesicles as Markers and Mediators in Sepsis

Pierre Raeven1,2✉, Johannes Zipperle1, Susanne Drechsler1

1. Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, Trauma Research Center of AUVA, Vienna, Austria.
2. Department of Anaesthesia, General Intensive Care and Pain Management, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.

Citation:
Raeven P, Zipperle J, Drechsler S. Extracellular Vesicles as Markers and Mediators in Sepsis. Theranostics 2018; 8(12):3348-3365. doi:10.7150/thno.23453. https://www.thno.org/v08p3348.htm
Other styles

File import instruction

Abstract

Graphic abstract

Sepsis is defined as life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by a dysregulated host response to infection. It remains a highly lethal condition in which current tools for early diagnosis and therapeutic decision-making are far from ideal. Extracellular vesicles (EVs), 30 nm to several micrometers in size, are released from cells upon activation and apoptosis and express membrane epitopes specific for their parental cells. Since their discovery two decades ago, their role as biomarkers and mediators in various diseases has been intensively studied. However, their potential importance in the sepsis syndrome has gained attention only recently. Sepsis and EVs are both complex fields in which standardization has long been overdue. In this review, several topics are discussed. First, we review current studies on EVs in septic patients with emphasis on their variable quality and clinical utility. Second, we discuss the diagnostic and therapeutic potential of EVs as well as their role as facilitators of cell communication via micro RNA and the relevance of micro-organism-derived EVs. Third, we give an overview over the potential beneficial but also detrimental roles of EVs in sepsis. Finally, we focus on the role of EVs in selected intensive care scenarios such as coagulopathy, mechanical ventilation and blood transfusion. Overall, the prospect for EV use in septic patients is bright, ranging from rapid and precise (point-of-care) diagnostics, prevention of harmful iatrogenic interventions, to using EVs as guides of individualized therapy. Before the above is achieved, however, the EV research field requires reliable standardization of the current methods and development of new analytical procedures that can close the existing technological gaps.

Keywords: sepsis, inflammation, point-of-care, microparticles, exosomes


Citation styles

APA
Raeven, P., Zipperle, J., Drechsler, S. (2018). Extracellular Vesicles as Markers and Mediators in Sepsis. Theranostics, 8(12), 3348-3365. https://doi.org/10.7150/thno.23453.

ACS
Raeven, P.; Zipperle, J.; Drechsler, S. Extracellular Vesicles as Markers and Mediators in Sepsis. Theranostics 2018, 8 (12), 3348-3365. DOI: 10.7150/thno.23453.

NLM
Raeven P, Zipperle J, Drechsler S. Extracellular Vesicles as Markers and Mediators in Sepsis. Theranostics 2018; 8(12):3348-3365. doi:10.7150/thno.23453. https://www.thno.org/v08p3348.htm

CSE
Raeven P, Zipperle J, Drechsler S. 2018. Extracellular Vesicles as Markers and Mediators in Sepsis. Theranostics. 8(12):3348-3365.

This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY-NC) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/). See http://ivyspring.com/terms for full terms and conditions.
Popup Image