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Theranostics 2016; 6(11):1918-1933. doi:10.7150/thno.15568 This issue Cite

Research Paper

CD146-targeted immunoPET and NIRF Imaging of Hepatocellular Carcinoma with a Dual-Labeled Monoclonal Antibody

Reinier Hernandez^1*, Haiyan Sun^2*, Christopher G. England¹, Hector F. Valdovinos¹, Emily B. Ehlerding¹, Todd E. Barnhart¹, Yunan Yang^2✉, Weibo Cai^1,2,3✉

1. Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA;
2. Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA;
3. University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, WI 53705, USA.
*Reinier Hernandez and Haiyan Sun contributed equally to this work.

✉ Corresponding authors: Yunan Yang or Weibo Cai.

Abstract

Overexpression of CD146 has been correlated with aggressiveness, recurrence rate, and poor overall survival in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients. In this study, we set out to develop a CD146-targeting probe for high-contrast noninvasive in vivo positron emission tomography (PET) and near-infrared fluorescence (NIRF) imaging of HCCs. YY146, an anti-CD146 monoclonal antibody, was employed as a targeting molecule to which we conjugated the zwitterionic near-infrared fluorescence (NIRF) dye ZW800-1 and the chelator deferoxamine (Df). This enabled labeling of Df-YY146-ZW800 with ⁸⁹Zr and its subsequent detection using PET and NIRF imaging, all without compromising antibody binding properties. Two HCC cell lines expressing high (HepG2) and low (Huh7) levels of CD146 were employed to generate subcutaneous (s.c.) and orthotopic xenografts in athymic nude mice. Sequential PET and NIRF imaging performed after intravenous injection of ⁸⁹Zr-Df-YY146-ZW800 into tumor-bearing mice unveiled prominent and persistent uptake of the tracer in HepG2 tumors that peaked at 31.65 ± 7.15 percentage of injected dose per gram (%ID/g; n=4) 72 h post-injection. Owing to such marked accumulation, tumor delineation was successful by both PET and NIRF, which facilitated the fluorescence image-guided resection of orthotopic HepG2 tumors, despite the relatively high liver background. CD146-negative Huh7 and CD146-blocked HepG2 tumors exhibited significantly lower ⁸⁹Zr-Df-YY146-ZW800 accretion (6.1 ± 0.5 and 8.1 ± 1.0 %ID/g at 72 h p.i., respectively; n=4), demonstrating the CD146-specificity of the tracer in vivo. Ex vivo biodistribution and immunofluorescent staining corroborated the accuracy of the imaging data and correlated tracer uptake with in situ CD146 expression. Overall, ⁸⁹Zr-Df-YY146-ZW800 showed excellent properties as a PET/NIRF imaging agent, including high in vivo affinity and specificity for CD146-expressing HCC. CD146-targeted molecular imaging using dual-labeled YY146 has great potential for early detection, prognostication, and image-guided surgical resection of liver malignancies.

Keywords: Positron emission tomography (PET), near-infrared fluorescence (NIRF) imaging, dual-modality imaging, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), CD146, ⁸⁹Zr.

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