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Theranostics 2023; 13(13):4667-4693. doi:10.7150/thno.87316 This issue Cite

Review

Targeting materials and strategies for RNA delivery

Lixin Lin^1#, Kexin Su^1#, Qiang Cheng², Shuai Liu^1,3,4,5✉

1. College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
2. Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Future Technology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
3. Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 311121, China.
4. Eye Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang, China.
5. National Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery and Release Systems, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
^#These authors contributed equally to this work: Lixin Lin, Kexin Su.

✉ Corresponding author: Shuai Liu, Email: shuailiuedu.cn.

Abstract

RNA-based therapeutics have shown great promise in various medical applications, including cancers, infectious diseases, and metabolic diseases. The recent success of mRNA vaccines for combating the COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the medical value of RNA drugs. However, one of the major challenges in realizing the full potential of RNA drugs is to deliver RNA into specific organs and tissues in a targeted manner, which is crucial for achieving therapeutic efficacy, reducing side effects, and enhancing overall treatment efficacy. Numerous attempts have been made to pursue targeting, nonetheless, the lack of clear guideline and commonality elucidation has hindered the clinical translation of RNA drugs. In this review, we outline the mechanisms of action for targeted RNA delivery systems and summarize four key factors that influence the targeting delivery of RNA drugs. These factors include the category of vector materials, chemical structures of vectors, administration routes, and physicochemical properties of RNA vectors, and they all notably contribute to specific organ/tissue tropism. Furthermore, we provide an overview of the main RNA-based drugs that are currently in clinical trials, highlighting their design strategies and tissue tropism applications. This review will aid to understand the principles and mechanisms of targeted delivery systems, accelerating the development of future RNA drugs for different diseases.

Keywords: Targeting materials, Targeting strategies, RNA-based therapeutics, mRNA delivery, Specific organ/tissue tropism

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