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Theranostics 2020; 10(5):2358-2373. doi:10.7150/thno.40397 This issue Cite

Research Paper

IKKε phosphorylates kindlin-2 to induce invadopodia formation and promote colorectal cancer metastasis

Ge Liu1, Yantao Bao1, Chaohua Liu2, Qinchang Zhu3, Lin Zhao2, Xiaopeng Lu1, Qian Zhu1, Yafei Lv1, Feng Bai4, He Wen1, Yujie Sun5, Wei-Guo Zhu1,6✉

1. Guangdong Key Laboratory of Genome Instability and Human Disease Prevention, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen 518055, China.
2. Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research, Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Protein Posttranslational Modifications and Cell Function, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China.
3. Department of Pharmacy, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen 518055, China.
4. Department of Pathology, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen 518055, China.
5. Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China.
6. Carson International Cancer Center, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen 518055, China.

✉ Corresponding author: Wei-Guo Zhu, Email: zhuweiguoedu.cn, Tel: +86-0755 86930347. Fax: +86-0755 86930347.

Citation:
Liu G, Bao Y, Liu C, Zhu Q, Zhao L, Lu X, Zhu Q, Lv Y, Bai F, Wen H, Sun Y, Zhu WG. IKKε phosphorylates kindlin-2 to induce invadopodia formation and promote colorectal cancer metastasis. Theranostics 2020; 10(5):2358-2373. doi:10.7150/thno.40397. https://www.thno.org/v10p2358.htm
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Abstract

Graphic abstract

Invadopodia formation is a key driver of cancer metastasis. The noncanonical IkB-related kinase IKKε has been implicated in cancer metastasis, but its roles in invadopodia formation and colorectal cancer (CRC) metastasis are unclear.

Methods: Immunofluorescence, gelatin-degradation assay, wound healing assay and transwell invasion assay were used to determine the influence of IKKε over-expression, knockdown and pharmacological inhibition on invadopodia formation and the migratory and invasive capacity of CRC cells in vitro. Effects of IKKε knockdown or pharmacological inhibition on CRC metastasis were examined in mice. Immunohistochemistry staining was used to detect expression levels of IKKε in CRC patient tissues, and its association with prognosis in CRC patients was also analyzed. Immunoprecipitation, western blotting and in vitro kinase assay were constructed to investigate the molecular mechanisms.

Results: IKKε co-localizes with F-actin and the invadopodia marker Tks5 at the gelatin-degrading sites of CRC cells. Genetic over-expression/knockdown or pharmacological inhibition of IKKε altered invadopodia formation and the migratory and invasive capacity of CRC cells in vitro. In vivo, knockdown or pharmacological inhibition of IKKε significantly suppressed metastasis of CRC cells in mice. IKKε knockdown also inhibited invadopodia formation in vivo. Clinical investigation of tumor specimens from 191 patients with CRC revealed that high IKKε expression correlates with metastasis and poor prognosis of CRC. Mechanistically, IKKε directly binds to and phosphorylates kindlin-2 at serine 159; this effect mediates the IKKε-induced invadopodia formation and promotion of CRC metastasis.

Conclusions: We identify IKKε as a novel regulator of invadopodia formation and a unique mechanism by which IKKε promotes the metastasis of CRC. Our study suggests that IKKε is a potential target to suppress CRC metastasis.

Keywords: IKKε, Invadopodia, Metastasis, Colorectal cancer, Kindlin-2 phosphorylation

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APA
Liu, G., Bao, Y., Liu, C., Zhu, Q., Zhao, L., Lu, X., Zhu, Q., Lv, Y., Bai, F., Wen, H., Sun, Y., Zhu, W.G. (2020). IKKε phosphorylates kindlin-2 to induce invadopodia formation and promote colorectal cancer metastasis. Theranostics, 10(5), 2358-2373. https://doi.org/10.7150/thno.40397.

ACS
Liu, G.; Bao, Y.; Liu, C.; Zhu, Q.; Zhao, L.; Lu, X.; Zhu, Q.; Lv, Y.; Bai, F.; Wen, H.; Sun, Y.; Zhu, W.G. IKKε phosphorylates kindlin-2 to induce invadopodia formation and promote colorectal cancer metastasis. Theranostics 2020, 10 (5), 2358-2373. DOI: 10.7150/thno.40397.

NLM
Liu G, Bao Y, Liu C, Zhu Q, Zhao L, Lu X, Zhu Q, Lv Y, Bai F, Wen H, Sun Y, Zhu WG. IKKε phosphorylates kindlin-2 to induce invadopodia formation and promote colorectal cancer metastasis. Theranostics 2020; 10(5):2358-2373. doi:10.7150/thno.40397. https://www.thno.org/v10p2358.htm

CSE
Liu G, Bao Y, Liu C, Zhu Q, Zhao L, Lu X, Zhu Q, Lv Y, Bai F, Wen H, Sun Y, Zhu WG. 2020. IKKε phosphorylates kindlin-2 to induce invadopodia formation and promote colorectal cancer metastasis. Theranostics. 10(5):2358-2373.

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