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Theranostics 2021; 11(1):147-163. doi:10.7150/thno.47723 This issue Cite

Research Paper

A thermosensitive, reactive oxygen species-responsive, MR409-encapsulated hydrogel ameliorates disc degeneration in rats by inhibiting the secretory autophagy pathway

Qiangqiang Zheng^1#, Haotian Shen^1#, Zongrui Tong², Linxiang Cheng¹, Yuzi Xu⁴, Zhiyun Feng¹, Shiyao Liao³, Xiaojian Hu¹, Zongyou Pan^1,5✉, Zhengwei Mao^2✉, Yue Wang^1✉

1. Spine lab, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China.
2. MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
3. Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310003, China.
4. Department of Oral Implantology and Prosthodontics, The Affiliated Stomatology Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310006, P.R. China.
5. Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, And Department of Orthopedic Surgery of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
#These authors contributed equally to this work.

✉ Corresponding authors: Yue Wang, E-mail: wangyuespineedu.cn; Zhengwei Mao, E-mail: zwmaoedu.cn; Zongyou Pan, E-mail: panzongyouedu.cn.

Abstract

Lumbar disc degeneration is a common cause of chronic low back pain and an important contributor to various degenerative lumbar spinal disorders. However, currently there is currently no effective therapeutic strategy for treating disc degeneration. The pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-1β (IL-1β) mediates disc degeneration by inducing apoptotic death of nucleus pulposus (NP) cells and degradation of the NP extracellular matrix. Here, we confirmed that extracellular secretion of IL-1β via secretory autophagy contributes to disc degeneration, and demonstrate that a thermosensitive reactive oxygen species (ROS)-responsive hydrogel loaded with a synthetic growth hormone-releasing hormone analog (MR409) can protect against needle puncture-induced disc degeneration in rats.

Methods: The expression levels of proteins related to secretory autophagy such as tripartite motif-containing 16 (TRIM16) and microtubule-associated protein light chain 3B (LC3B) were examined in human and rat disc tissues by histology and immunofluorescence. The effects of TRIM16 expression level on IL-1β secretion were examined in THP-1 cells transfected with TRIM16 plasmid or siRNA using ELISA, immunofluorescence, and immunoblotting. The in vitro effects of MR409 on IL-1β were examined in THP-1 cells and primary rat NP cells using ELISA, immunofluorescence, immunoblotting, and qRT-PCR. Further, MR409 was subcutaneously administered to aged mice to test its efficacy against disc degeneration using immunofluorescence, X-ray, micro-CT, and histology. To achieve controllable MR409 release for intradiscal use, MR409 was encapsulated in an injectable ROS-responsive thermosensitive hydrogel. Viscosity, rheological properties, release profile, and biocompatibility were evaluated. Thereafter, therapeutic efficacy was assessed in a needle puncture-induced rat model of disc degeneration at 8 and 12 weeks post-operation using X-ray, magnetic resonance (MR) imaging, histological analysis, and immunofluorescence.

Results: Secretory autophagy-related proteins TRIM16 and LC3B were robustly upregulated in degenerated discs of both human and rat. Moreover, while upregulation of TRIM16 facilitated, and knockdown of TRIM16 suppressed, secretory autophagy-mediated IL-1β secretion from THP-1 cells under oxidative stress, MR409 inhibited ROS-induced secretory autophagy and IL-1β secretion by THP-1 cells as well as IL-1β-induced pro-inflammatory and pro-catabolic effects in rat NP cells. Daily subcutaneous injection of MR409 inhibited secretory autophagy and ameliorated age-related disc degeneration in mice. The newly developed ROS-responsive MR409-encapsulated hydrogel provided a reliable delivery system for controlled MR409 release, and intradiscal application effectively suppressed secretory autophagy and needle puncture-induced disc degeneration in rats.

Conclusion: Secretory autophagy and associated IL-1β secretion contribute to the pathogenesis of disc degeneration, and MR409 can effectively inhibit this pathway. The ROS-responsive thermosensitive hydrogel encapsulated with MR409 is a potentially efficacious treatment for disc degeneration.

Keywords: disc degeneration, secretory autophagy, MR409, ROS responsive carrier, injectable hydrogel

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