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Theranostics 2022; 12(18):7775-7787. doi:10.7150/thno.76805 This issue Cite

Research Paper

Hydroxyurea ameliorates atherosclerosis in ApoE-/- mice by potentially modulating Niemann-Pick C1-like 1 protein through the gut microbiota

Xin-Yu Yang1,2*, Hang Yu2*, Jie Fu2*, Hui-Hui Guo2, Pei Han2, Shu-Rong Ma2, Li-Bin Pan2, Zheng-Wei Zhang2, Hui Xu2, Jia-Chun Hu2, Hao-Jian Zhang2, Meng-Meng Bu2, Xian-Feng Zhang1, Wei Yang1, Jing-Yue Wang1, Jing-Yu Jin1, Hui-Cong Zhang1, Dong-Rui Li1, Jin-Yue Lu2, Yuan Lin2✉, Jian-Dong Jiang2✉, Qian Tong1✉, Yan Wang2✉

1. The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China.
2. State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China.
*These authors made equal contribution to this work.

✉ Corresponding authors: Y. Wang (+86-10-63165238, wangyanac.cn) or, Q. Tong (+86-13074337289, tongqianedu.cn) or, J-D. Jiang (+86-10-63017906, jiang.jdongcom) or, L. Yuan (+86-13720009342, linyuanac.cn).

Citation:
Yang XY, Yu H, Fu J, Guo HH, Han P, Ma SR, Pan LB, Zhang ZW, Xu H, Hu JC, Zhang HJ, Bu MM, Zhang XF, Yang W, Wang JY, Jin JY, Zhang HC, Li DR, Lu JY, Lin Y, Jiang JD, Tong Q, Wang Y. Hydroxyurea ameliorates atherosclerosis in ApoE-/- mice by potentially modulating Niemann-Pick C1-like 1 protein through the gut microbiota. Theranostics 2022; 12(18):7775-7787. doi:10.7150/thno.76805. https://www.thno.org/v12p7775.htm
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Abstract

Graphic abstract

Rationale: The efficacy and mechanism of hydroxyurea in the treatment of atherosclerosis have rarely been reported. The goal of this study was to investigate the efficacy of hydroxyurea in high-fat diet-fed ApoE-/- mice against atherosclerosis and examine the possible mechanism underlying treatment outcomes.

Methods: ApoE-/- mice were fed a high-fat diet for 1 month and then administered hydroxyurea by gavage continuously for 2 months. Aortic root hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) staining and oil red O staining were used to verify the efficacy of hydroxyurea; biochemical methods and ELISA were used to detect changes in relevant metabolites in serum. 16S rRNA was used to detect composition changes in the intestinal bacterial community of animals after treatment with hydroxyurea. Metabolomics methods were used to identify fecal metabolites and their changes. Immunohistochemical staining and ELISA were used for the localization and quantification of intestinal NPC1L1.

Results: We showed that aortic root HE staining and oil red O staining determined the therapeutic efficacy of hydroxyurea in the treatment of atherosclerosis in high-fat diet-fed ApoE-/- mice. Serological tests verified the ability of hydroxyurea to lower total serum cholesterol and LDL cholesterol. The gut microbiota was significantly altered after HU treatment and was significantly different from that after antiplatelet and statin therapy. Meanwhile, a metabolomic study revealed that metabolites, including stearic acid, palmitic acid and cholesterol, were significantly enriched in mouse feces. Further histological and ELISAs verified that the protein responsible for intestinal absorption of cholesterol in mice, NPC1L1, was significantly reduced after hydroxyurea treatment.

Conclusions: In high-fat diet-fed ApoE-/- mice, hydroxyurea effectively treated atherosclerosis, lowered serum cholesterol, modulated the gut microbiota at multiple levels and affected cholesterol absorption by reducing NPC1L1 in small intestinal epithelial cells.

Keywords: Hydroxyurea, Atherosclerosis, Gut microbiota, Lipid metabolism, NPC1L1

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APA
Yang, X.Y., Yu, H., Fu, J., Guo, H.H., Han, P., Ma, S.R., Pan, L.B., Zhang, Z.W., Xu, H., Hu, J.C., Zhang, H.J., Bu, M.M., Zhang, X.F., Yang, W., Wang, J.Y., Jin, J.Y., Zhang, H.C., Li, D.R., Lu, J.Y., Lin, Y., Jiang, J.D., Tong, Q., Wang, Y. (2022). Hydroxyurea ameliorates atherosclerosis in ApoE-/- mice by potentially modulating Niemann-Pick C1-like 1 protein through the gut microbiota. Theranostics, 12(18), 7775-7787. https://doi.org/10.7150/thno.76805.

ACS
Yang, X.Y.; Yu, H.; Fu, J.; Guo, H.H.; Han, P.; Ma, S.R.; Pan, L.B.; Zhang, Z.W.; Xu, H.; Hu, J.C.; Zhang, H.J.; Bu, M.M.; Zhang, X.F.; Yang, W.; Wang, J.Y.; Jin, J.Y.; Zhang, H.C.; Li, D.R.; Lu, J.Y.; Lin, Y.; Jiang, J.D.; Tong, Q.; Wang, Y. Hydroxyurea ameliorates atherosclerosis in ApoE-/- mice by potentially modulating Niemann-Pick C1-like 1 protein through the gut microbiota. Theranostics 2022, 12 (18), 7775-7787. DOI: 10.7150/thno.76805.

NLM
Yang XY, Yu H, Fu J, Guo HH, Han P, Ma SR, Pan LB, Zhang ZW, Xu H, Hu JC, Zhang HJ, Bu MM, Zhang XF, Yang W, Wang JY, Jin JY, Zhang HC, Li DR, Lu JY, Lin Y, Jiang JD, Tong Q, Wang Y. Hydroxyurea ameliorates atherosclerosis in ApoE-/- mice by potentially modulating Niemann-Pick C1-like 1 protein through the gut microbiota. Theranostics 2022; 12(18):7775-7787. doi:10.7150/thno.76805. https://www.thno.org/v12p7775.htm

CSE
Yang XY, Yu H, Fu J, Guo HH, Han P, Ma SR, Pan LB, Zhang ZW, Xu H, Hu JC, Zhang HJ, Bu MM, Zhang XF, Yang W, Wang JY, Jin JY, Zhang HC, Li DR, Lu JY, Lin Y, Jiang JD, Tong Q, Wang Y. 2022. Hydroxyurea ameliorates atherosclerosis in ApoE-/- mice by potentially modulating Niemann-Pick C1-like 1 protein through the gut microbiota. Theranostics. 12(18):7775-7787.

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