Theranostics 2018; 8(19):5336-5347. doi:10.7150/thno.27384 This issue Cite

Review

Recommendations for reporting on emerging optical imaging agents to promote clinical approval

Willemieke S. Tummers1,2, Jason M Warram3, Nynke S. van den Berg4, Sarah E. Miller4, Rutger-Jan Swijnenburg2, Alexander L. Vahrmeijer2, Eben L. Rosenthal4✉

1. Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA.
2. Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands.
3. Department of Otolaryngology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL
4. Department of Otolaryngology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA.

Citation:
Tummers WS, Warram JM, van den Berg NS, Miller SE, Swijnenburg RJ, Vahrmeijer AL, Rosenthal EL. Recommendations for reporting on emerging optical imaging agents to promote clinical approval. Theranostics 2018; 8(19):5336-5347. doi:10.7150/thno.27384. https://www.thno.org/v08p5336.htm
Other styles

File import instruction

Abstract

Graphic abstract

Intraoperative fluorescence imaging is particularly well-suited for surgical applications due to its inherently high sensitivity, resolution, and ability to provide images in real-time. To date, the intraoperative observation of fluorescence has largely been subjective. With the need to show objective evidence in order to demonstrate the benefit of this technique, quantitative data needs to be provided to overseeing regulatory bodies. Standardization of fluorescence imaging protocols would improve reproducibility and minimize inter- and intra-institution variance. This would allow studies to be conducted using the same injection techniques, imaging times, reconstruction methods, and analyses. Here, we provide recommendations for standardized methodologies with the goal of setting a minimum requirement for reporting fluorescence-guided surgery results based on both qualitative and (semi-) quantitative data collection. Clinical trials using fluorescence-guided surgery should present results of three critical elements; 1) intra-operative imaging, 2) specimen mapping and pathology correlation, and 3) target validation. Qualitative analyses should consist of a bright field image, black-and-white fluorescence image, pseudo-colored fluorescence overlay image, and/or heat-map whereby fluorescence signal intensity differences are displayed on a color spectrum. Quantitative analyses should include 1) intraoperative data (consisting of images or video, raw numeric values and ratios); 2) specimen mapping, for correlation of fluorescence with the presence of disease (performed using fresh tissue); and 3) target validation (designed to determine fluorescence intensity relative to receptor density of a specific area). Including the aforementioned methods of both qualitative and quantitative analyses will ensure that trial results are comparable and could be collated in future studies to expedite FDA approval.

Keywords: Optical imaging, fluorescence, clinical trial, standardization, result reporting


Citation styles

APA
Tummers, W.S., Warram, J.M., van den Berg, N.S., Miller, S.E., Swijnenburg, R.J., Vahrmeijer, A.L., Rosenthal, E.L. (2018). Recommendations for reporting on emerging optical imaging agents to promote clinical approval. Theranostics, 8(19), 5336-5347. https://doi.org/10.7150/thno.27384.

ACS
Tummers, W.S.; Warram, J.M.; van den Berg, N.S.; Miller, S.E.; Swijnenburg, R.J.; Vahrmeijer, A.L.; Rosenthal, E.L. Recommendations for reporting on emerging optical imaging agents to promote clinical approval. Theranostics 2018, 8 (19), 5336-5347. DOI: 10.7150/thno.27384.

NLM
Tummers WS, Warram JM, van den Berg NS, Miller SE, Swijnenburg RJ, Vahrmeijer AL, Rosenthal EL. Recommendations for reporting on emerging optical imaging agents to promote clinical approval. Theranostics 2018; 8(19):5336-5347. doi:10.7150/thno.27384. https://www.thno.org/v08p5336.htm

CSE
Tummers WS, Warram JM, van den Berg NS, Miller SE, Swijnenburg RJ, Vahrmeijer AL, Rosenthal EL. 2018. Recommendations for reporting on emerging optical imaging agents to promote clinical approval. Theranostics. 8(19):5336-5347.

This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY-NC) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/). See http://ivyspring.com/terms for full terms and conditions.
Popup Image