Theranostics 2020; 10(9):3892-3904. doi:10.7150/thno.41850 This issue Cite

Research Paper

Effective delivery of mycophenolic acid by oxygen nanobubbles for modulating immunosuppression

Muhammad Saad Khan1*, Jae-Sung Kim2*, Jangsun Hwang1*, Yonghyun Choi1, Kyungwoo Lee1, Yejin Kwon1, Jaehee Jang1, Semi Yoon1, Chul-Su Yang2,3✉, Jonghoon Choi1✉

1. School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea.
2. Department of Bionano Technology, Hanyang University, Seoul 04673, Republic of Korea.
3. Department of Molecular & Life Science, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Republic of Korea.
*These authors contributed equally to this work.

Citation:
Khan MS, Kim JS, Hwang J, Choi Y, Lee K, Kwon Y, Jang J, Yoon S, Yang CS, Choi J. Effective delivery of mycophenolic acid by oxygen nanobubbles for modulating immunosuppression. Theranostics 2020; 10(9):3892-3904. doi:10.7150/thno.41850. https://www.thno.org/v10p3892.htm
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Abstract

Graphic abstract

Immunosuppressive drugs are crucial for preventing acute graft rejection or autoimmune diseases. They are generally small molecules that require suitable drug carriers for ensuring stability, bioavailability, and longer half-life. Mycophenolic acid (MPA) is an extensively studied immunosuppressive drug. However, it requires suitable carriers for overcoming clinical limitations. Currently, lipid-shelled micro- and nanobubbles are being thoroughly investigated for diagnostic and therapeutic applications, as they possess essential properties, such as injectability, smaller size, gaseous core, high surface area, higher drug payload, and enhanced cellular penetration. Phospholipids are biocompatible and biodegradable molecules, and can be functionalized according to specific requirements.

Methods: In this study, we synthesized oxygen nanobubbles (ONBs) and loaded the hydrophobic MPA within the ONBs to generate ONB/MPA. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were treated with ONB/MPA to determine the suppression of immune response by measuring cytokine release. In vivo murine experiments were performed to evaluate the effectiveness of ONB/MPA in the presence of inflammatory stimulants.

Results: Our results suggest that ONBs successfully delivered MPA and reduced the release of cytokines, thereby controlling inflammation and significantly increasing the survival rate of animals.

Conclusion: This method can be potentially used for implantation and for treating autoimmune diseases, wherein immunosuppression is desired.

Keywords: mycophenolic acid, oxygen nanobubbles, immunosuppression, peripheral blood mononuclear cells, inflammation, autoimmune diseases


Citation styles

APA
Khan, M.S., Kim, J.S., Hwang, J., Choi, Y., Lee, K., Kwon, Y., Jang, J., Yoon, S., Yang, C.S., Choi, J. (2020). Effective delivery of mycophenolic acid by oxygen nanobubbles for modulating immunosuppression. Theranostics, 10(9), 3892-3904. https://doi.org/10.7150/thno.41850.

ACS
Khan, M.S.; Kim, J.S.; Hwang, J.; Choi, Y.; Lee, K.; Kwon, Y.; Jang, J.; Yoon, S.; Yang, C.S.; Choi, J. Effective delivery of mycophenolic acid by oxygen nanobubbles for modulating immunosuppression. Theranostics 2020, 10 (9), 3892-3904. DOI: 10.7150/thno.41850.

NLM
Khan MS, Kim JS, Hwang J, Choi Y, Lee K, Kwon Y, Jang J, Yoon S, Yang CS, Choi J. Effective delivery of mycophenolic acid by oxygen nanobubbles for modulating immunosuppression. Theranostics 2020; 10(9):3892-3904. doi:10.7150/thno.41850. https://www.thno.org/v10p3892.htm

CSE
Khan MS, Kim JS, Hwang J, Choi Y, Lee K, Kwon Y, Jang J, Yoon S, Yang CS, Choi J. 2020. Effective delivery of mycophenolic acid by oxygen nanobubbles for modulating immunosuppression. Theranostics. 10(9):3892-3904.

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